No more HBD rewards paid? Understanding the Hive Debt Ratio and its effects

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(Edited)

Many of you have probably noticed recently that, a few days ago, you no longer received HBD as a reward for your posts. Why was that happening?

The answer is fairly simple: "Because of the debt ratio!"

To which you might ask, "OK, but what's the debt ratio and why is it messing up with my HBD rewards?"

In this post, I will try to explain to you in the simplest possible way the mechanisms that come into play, starting from the basics that are necessary for your understanding.

1. One blockchain, two tokens

The Hive ecosystem has two tokens: HIVE and HBD (Hive Backed Dollars)

To avoid confusion, because the Hive platform has the same name as its HIVE token, we used to capitalize it when talking about the last one.

HIVE is the main liquid currency of the Hive ecosystem. It may be traded, staked, bought, and sold.

HBD were designed as an attempt to bring stability to the individuals who use the Hive network. Although HBD can also be traded, bought and sold (but not staked), it is considered a debt by the blockchain.

2. Why a debt?

HBD are created by a mechanism similar to convertible notes, which are often used to fund startups. In the startup world, convertible notes are short-term debt instruments that can be converted to ownership at a rate determined in the future, typically during a future funding round.

HIVE can be viewed as ownership in the community whereas HBD can be viewed as a debt denominated in HIVE.

The terms of the convertible note allow the holder to convert to the backing token (HIVE) with a minimum notice at the fair market price of the token.

Translated to the Hive ecosystem, the above sentence means that:

  • the "terms" are embedded into the blockchain code as a smart contract
  • it allows its users to convert each HBD they own into the equivalent of $1 USD worth of HIVE
  • the conversion process will take 3.5 days
  • the conversion price is the "median" HIVE price observed during those 3.5 days using the price feeds from the Hive witnesses. This has been put in place to factors out short-term price fluctuations.

Each HBD is essentially an IOU ("I Owe You [HIVE tokens]") issued by the platform and given out as a reward to its users.

3. What is the debt ratio?

As we have seen above, if HIVE is viewed as ownership in the whole supply of tokens, then HBD can be viewed as debt.

The debt ratio is the ratio between the HIVE virtual supply and the HBD supply.

  • The HIVE supply is the number of HIVE tokens, both liquid (HIVE) and staked (Hive Power), that are in existence.
  • The HBD supply is the number of HBD tokens that are in existence.
  • The HIVE virtual supply is the HIVE supply plus the amount of HIVE we would get if we instantly converted all the HBD supply into HIVE.

Note: since hardfork 24, HBD stored in the treasury (@hive.fund wallet) don't count towards the HBD debt ratio because it doesn't make sense to count them in the debt ratio as they are "locked" by another "smart contract" which prevents them to be liquidated at once (the daily outflows are capped at 1/100th of its holdings).

A pseudo formula to compute the debt ratio would be :

      convert_to_HIVE( HBD_supply - hive_fund_HBD_balance )
-------------------------------------------------------------------
convert_to_HIVE( HBD_supply - hive_fund_HBD_balance ) + HIVE_supply

You will find a visual representation of its value over time in my financial stats:

4. Why does the debt ratio matter?

The debt ratio determines how and when the blockchain creates new HBD.

There are 5 mechanisms involved in the creation of HBD:

  1. payout of author rewards
  2. conversion from HIVE to HBD
  3. interest payment on HBD stored in savings
  4. allocation of part of the inflation to DHF
  5. conversion from the ninja mined HIVE

I will describe these different ways to create HBD, but just know that only the first two are subject to the influence of the debt ratio.

Author rewards

UPDATE: as of Hive hardfork 26, the debt ratio thresholds used by the blockchain changed from 9% and 10% to respectively 20% and 30%

When the debt ratio is more than 9% 20%, the amount of HBD printed for author rewards is reduced and the authors get more HIVE and less HBD.

When the debt ratio is more than 10% 30%, HBD is stopped being printed and only HIVE is awarded as author's reward.

As soon as the ratio falls back below 10%, HBD is printed again.

The various conditions for HBD print rate are hardcoded in the Hive blockchain and are depending upon the debt ratio. A post payout can be as of following:

Debt ratioPayout
< 9% 20%Hive Power + HBD
between 9% 20% and 10% 30%Hive Power + HBD + HIVE
> 10% 30%Hive Power + HIVE

When the debt ratio is between 9% 20% and 10% 30%, the blockchain will print HBD on the basis of this formula:

HBD print rate = 100% * (10 - debt ratio)

This means that the closer the debt ratio is to 10% 30%, the less HBD will be printed and replaced by more HIVE, until will be HIVE only when the debt ratio reaches 10% 30%.

The above rule is often referenced as the "haircut" rule.

If you go back to the graph provided above, you will notice that the debt ratio was over 9% then 10% for a few days, which is why the blockchain shrank and then completely stopped paying rewards to authors with HBD.

Conversion from HIVE to HBD

When you convert HIVE to HBD, the HIVE are locked for 3 days as collateral (they are removed from the account's balance) and 50% of the value (based on the current median price) is instantly converted into new HBD (added to the user's balance). Three days later, the value will be recomputed based on the median price from those 3 days and part of the collateralized HIVE will be returned to the account accordingly.

Regarding the role of the debt ratio, things are more simple in this case:

If the debt ratio is greater than 10%, the conversion request will simply be rejected by the blockchain to avoid printing new HBD!

Interest payment

Each top 20 witnesses propose an APR rate for HBD. The median value of those propositions is used by the blockchain to pay interest to users for holding HBD. Of course, the interest is paid by printing new HBD.

As of writing, the APR is 10%.

Note: Since the last hardfork 25, interest is only paid for HBD stored in savings.

The debt ratio has no influence on interest payment.

Allocation of part of inflation to DHF

Every hour, 10% of the HIVE inflation is converted from HIVE to HBD and sent to the DHF (Decentralized Hive Fund - @hive.fund HBD balance).

This HBD creation process is not influenced by the debt ratio.

Conversion from the ninja-mined HIVE

Long story made short, the so-called "ninja mined" HIVE are tokens that have been minted during the creation process of the Steem blockchain and put into an account controlled by Steemit inc, with the promise to use it for the development of the community.

When Justin Sun made his hostile takeover and the community decided to fork Steem and create Hive, those funds were moved to the DHF blockchain-controlled account @hive.fund

Later, it has been decided to peacefully convert those HIVE into HBD over ~5 years. Therefore, every day since 2020-10-31, the blockchain converts 0.05% of the HIVE stored in the @hive.fund balance to HBD.

This HBD creation process is not influenced by the debt ratio.

5. Why the debt ratio logic?

If the debt-to-ownership ratio gets too high then the entire currency can become unstable.

Debt conversions can dramatically increase the token supply, which in turn can be sold on the market and put down pressure on the price.

Subsequent conversions require the issuance of even more tokens. Left unchecked the system can collapse leaving worthless ownership backing a mountain of debt. A rapid change in the value of HIVE can dramatically change the debt-to-ownership ratio.

The blockchain prevents the debt-to-ownership ratio from getting too high and the debt ratio logic has been put in place to ensure that the blockchain will never have higher than a 10% debt-to-ownership ratio.

Conclusion

I hope you now have a better understanding of what the debt ratio is, why it was created, what its effects are and when do they come into play.

There is still a lot to say on the subject, but I will not overload this post which is already quite substantial.

However, be aware that there is also a lot of discussion about changing the 10% cap, both among developers and witnesses, and in the community. I invite you to read the very interesting post from @taskmaster4450 on this subject.

Thanks for reading.


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169 comments
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(Edited)

Excellent article, I save it in bookmarks. Thanks! 👍
...

I found one text error related to old habits. :)

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Thanks for the very enlightening post. For myself I find it is always good and useful to have a greater understanding of how things work at a fundamental level (it's good to be da analyst!).

Blessed be.

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pixresteemer_incognito_angel_mini.png
Bang, I did it again... I just rehived your post!
4

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Thanks for the post, I've linked it from https://hive.ausbit.dev/hbd so it'll look like this whenever print rate is reduced next

image.png

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How cool, I feel honored 😊
Thank you!

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I think it meant "reduced by" instead of "reduced to" right?

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Nah this was correct, the prompt normally wouldn't appear at all at 100% print rate but I hacked it so I could make a screenshot. The grammar will make sense

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So if it was reduced to 100% it means it could print above 100%? It made me more confused

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Usually this prompt would say something like "Print rate has been reduced to 50%". This prompt would never usually appear if print rate is 100%

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Ever stop to think if the HBD is completely redundant?

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Nope, I've always been a fan of HBD and don't think it's redundant at all.

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Therefore, every day since 2020-10-31, the blockchain converts 0.05% of the HIVE stored in the @hive.fund balance to HBD

It means that hive that is converted into HBD will be burned? so the system will reduce the supply of hive ?

Posted Using LeoFinance Beta

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Yes, HIVE are burned and new HBD are printed. Therefore, the HIVE supply is reduced.

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Thank you -- this explains it all ... we have been hovering around that 9-10 percent debt ratio ...

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Well I totally didn't understand most of that but then again I'm just excited that I get all these liquid cryptocurrencies and I can reward others for their content because everybody is help me out and is invested and helping little people like me support others.

It totally sounded like Klingon I'll be honest. I didn't understand 99% of what you're talking about.

However I'm trying to understand and definitely I can see the value in this post and the information that you are trying to disseminate.

Thank you very much for trying to educate us and I apologize for being a caveman and not able to fully understand all the technical jargon.

Really wish we could get some people to translate some of these ideas into third grade English for people like me...

Really appreciate it and I hope you have an amazing day thank you for your post and the detail that you list, we have some phenomenally intelligent people on the blockchain and I really appreciate all of you for making this what it is.

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Let's make it simpler:

It happens that you do not receive HBD for your post.
Instead, you receive HIVE.
Don't panic, that's normal!
It will switch back to HBD soontm

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KISS is a wonderful approach to life.

Sometimes the cliffnote version is the best.

Posted Using LeoFinance Beta

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Fully agree. Don't spend hours writing a 1466 words post when you can get the same result in 4 short sentences. Me should be lazier 🤣

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Actually HBD is valued quite a bit more so it's quite a loss for some people who were rewarded on viral posts. Your getting 1to1 at least that's what I got.

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In simple terms:

Now the blockchain is printing more HIVE and less HBD.

I don't think it is necessary to fully understand it all in-depth, but interesting to know. Would become more important if we decided to tweak the debt ratio slightly over time and see how the market reacts over the years.

At first, the number was almost random. By tweaking with time we could have a proven track of action and reaction.

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Actually that is really awesome way to break it down and thank you very much.

Not all of us users are Az technology savvy as some of our phenomenal minds.

Really really appreciate how you broke this down and fed it to me in a different format.

This is definitely a very amazing opportunity in human history for the people who are getting in at this level.

And the more we are discovering about market more than we can keep ours stable as well as valuable.

Thank you very much from me and puppy dog we really appreciate your time and knowledge. As well as your engagement with others I'm sure that other people will take value in your comment and knowledge as well.

IMG_20211003_114839112_BURST000_COVER.jpg

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Thanks for this informative post! Now I understand why I am seeing Hive Power + HBD under my payout page for upcoming rewards. 👍

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wow, the question I've been looking for lately finally got an answer, thank you for sharing this news I will repost as a reminder @arcange

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You welcome @umar97, glad to have provided an answer to your question.

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I think this is over, and payments are back to normal again, and thank you for this very useful info.

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Yes, we are now back below 9%

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Thanks for the information. I was wondering what the conditions were for both HIVE and HBD as part of the post payout.

Posted Using LeoFinance Beta

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Guess you now have an answer 😉

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I have no clear idea on this topic of debt ratio and payment with hive above 10% debt ratio. Well informative and explanation is so simple to understand for non native English speaker like me. Thanks.

I have saved this post in my computer. Its really cool to me to learn the basic.

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Excellent post and now I got to know the reason behind reward in form of HIve or HBD. Thanks,

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Thank you for the explanation or re-explanation. It is one of those things some of us knew and had somewhat of an understanding of, but over time number things get forgotten, so this was pretty timely reminder.

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A regular small refresh never hurts 😉

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True and it did not last that long. The one thing you did not mention and the one thing I keep forgetting is when is it best to use convert verse direct market for turning HBD to Hive??

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when is it best to use convert verse direct market

I did not mention it in my post because I do not provide financial advice.
A quick answer would be "it depends on your profile and investment strategy" 😀

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I get that, some times I do the convert, sometimes the direct market, but mostly right now popping some into savings.

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How nice it is to have news of what is happening on the platform, I had already noticed it, but I have always known that HIVE is in good hands. Thanks for notifying @arcangel

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Thank you for the detailed explanation. I understand better now why my payouts were reduced in HBD. I liken the debt aspect part of it to my offline corporate stock holdings and the company's issuance of warrants to be converted into stock at a later date.

If the debt ratio is greater than 10%, the conversion request will simply be rejected by the blockchain to avoid printing new HBD!

Is there a way to check when the debt ratio exceeds 10% so that I don't attempt a conversion in the first place?

Thanks for sharing your explanation of what's happening.

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An excellent breakdown of the details how the HBD/HIVE ration works and what influences it.

This is something all should read.

Posted Using LeoFinance Beta

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I'm starting to understand this after 2 years here! This was the best explanation I've seen so far.

Posted Using LeoFinance Beta

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Better late than never. Thanks for the compliment, I appreciate it.

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If it took you 2 years like many, we need to question weather thus HBD is making any value for users or is this whole thing a complete redundant legacy.

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One doesn't need to understand how it works to make use of it. Having a relatively stable coin in Hive is really useful.

A Short Story about Economics and Economists

(1) A very good friend of mine who once started and ran an international retail chain operating all over the world with 400+ stores got talking to a prominent Bank of England economist at a banquet in the City in the 80's.

(2) After talking a while he asked the economist the following question: what is the relationship between the interest rate which the Bank of England can put up or down and the UK£ Sterling exchange rate with other currencies?

(3) As he finished asking the question, the MC banged his gavel and announced "Please be upstanding for His Royal Highness....". My friend had to quickly move to his seat and never got his answer.

(4) He never did get that answer and he carried on running his large company and making huge bets on future currency swings based on his gut feel the way all of us have to.

(5) Years later he was walking to his (1st class) seat on a train and he recognised the same economist sitting with papers and charts and two colleagues.

(6) He went up to the now Governor of the Bank of England and said, you may remember, a few years ago I asked you what the relationship is between the country's interest rate and the value of the currency.

(7) Yes he replied, I do remember you and I remember I never gave you an answer! And I've thought long and hard about it in the intervening years!

(8/8) The answer to the question "what is the relationship between interest rates and currency" is I didn't know then and I still don't know now.

And that, my friends, is economics 101 and economic forecasting.

[There are plenty of theories on this, but no single answer]

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Do you understand all the intricacies of the FIAT system you use for years and the different services provided by banks?
Does it prevent you from using your money?
Should banks reduce all their services to one?

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You sound very upset. All I am saying is that when innovating need to consider letting go of legacy, and consider if this feature brings value to users.
I don't think comparing Hive to a bank is relevant.
I see you are very into the HBD and thats fine. I was just trying to be open minded and discuss the value, as I am not sure these legacy finance games from steemit is doing any good for the users.

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I'm not upset. Just asking questions to make you consider the positive aspects of HBD.
I personally consider HBD brings positive value to the Hive ecosystem.

I'm not comparing Hive to a bank. I'm just saying that you do not need to know everything about a complex thing to use it. And it does not lower its value because it's complex.

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legacy finance games from steemit

Bad characterization. Steemit neglected HBD almost entirely, and since the Hive fork a lot more development has been done to make it work better.

If you don't like what you have now or what it might become, that's on Hive, not Steemit.

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I have been looking for HBD. I just wonder if leo finance are not giving HBD again. Thanks for information.

Posted Using LeoFinance Beta

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Good post.

I don't mind getting no HBD since I don't really use HBD to do anything other than to just hold it, while hive I power up. Maybe I should just get my rewards as full HP but then again I use hive to buy things on hive engine.

Thanks for the info.

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Thank you @akumagai
Instead of holding HBD, you could convert them HBD to HIVE. There is a good opportunity to do so now that HBD price is below $1
Or move them to savings to benefit from the current 10% APR

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Ahh yes, the savings. Sorry that's what I meant by holding.

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Top analysis It opened my eyes to a lot of things I didn't know

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(Edited)

Is this why at times, Steemit stopped paying SBD and started paying Steem? (or something similar) I mean before Sun took over.

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Yes, this mechanism was already implemented in the blockchain code before we forked to Hive

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Very clarifying. At first, I was not very fond of this limit of the debt ratio.

It doesn't seem to be hurting, but would be interesting to change a little bit and see how it works out.

It originally had no history to backtrack and choose the amount of debt ratio. By changing it slightly over time we can see the long-term reaction and decide the way to go.

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(Edited)

Well, I think I got lucky then (because I converted all my HBD to Hive, I am trying to save HBD).

I am receiving some HBD, but I am sure this will be intermittent as we are near the ceiling.

image.png

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Congratulations @arcange! Your post has been a top performer on the Hive blockchain and you have been rewarded with the following badge:

Post with the highest payout of the day.

You can view your badges on your board and compare yourself to others in the Ranking
If you no longer want to receive notifications, reply to this comment with the word STOP

Check out the last post from @hivebuzz:

Feedback from the October 1st Hive Power Up Day
Hive Power Up Month Challenge - Winners List
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Very interesting article @arcange .

Q: So is it necessarily a good or bad thing, that our debt ratio gets so high?
Q: Besides printing more HIVE, is there a long term negative effect if we stayed at 10% or greater, or is it a positive effect?
Q: What do we think caused this spike in debt ratio, and has happened in the past?

Thank you!

!PIZZA !LUV

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is it necessarily a good or bad thing, that our debt ratio gets so high?

This is a difficult question to answer because it depends on a lot of parameters. Debt can be useful, even necessary, for the development of an activity. But also dangerous if it is not controlled and mastered. Finally, the notion of good or bad is quite subjective.

is there a long term negative effect if we stayed at 10% or greater,

You will find an answer to your question in @editcted post

is it a positive effect?

As mentioned in my post, this mechanism has been put in place to avoid a spiral of death if the price of HIVE drops down too fast.
So, it's a safety net against debt explosion.

What do we think caused this spike in debt ratio, and has happened in the past?

Market forces and the new mechanism for converting HIVE to HBD (that led to the burning of ~120 million HIVE). Combined together and probably with other factors, you get the debt ratio to rise.
Unfortunately, I haven't been tracking the supply for long enough to say if we've had a similar situation, but I do know of times in the past where the "haircut" has been activated.

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Thanks for detailed explanation. It's been a while since we reached the haircut. I haven't been posting lately so just observed from the chart what's happening.

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Finally i understood the core economy behind hive different coin utilisation. HBD suppose to be pegged with USD but sometimes it hits double in value of dollar pegging .please explain this also .

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Short answer:

  1. HBD is loosely pegged to USD.
  2. HBD value is subject to the free-market supply/demand

A more detailed answer would require a full post 😓

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Best explanation ever, you have gifted talent of teachings this stuff. I will take note of this post that I can use whoever may want to see this.

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Very informative, but did we ever stop to think why HBD is needed? I wrote about it in my latest post, would appreciate your 2 satoshis about it.

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Because it's harder to plan business with a volatile token/currency such as HIVE. Having a "establish" coin really helps.
You don't like HBD, then don't bother with it and leave it to others.

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I don't mind HBD myself. I think the complexity scares away new commers.

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Should we embrace idiocracy over utility?

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Wow, thank you for this indebt article! I was wondering that I got Hive Power + HBD + HIVE rewarded once. Now I understand it much better. This is super helpful and I start to understand more and more how much thought went into the entire Tokonomics of the Hive ecosystem. Respect and full-on appreciation!
Cheers 🙏

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Shared, excellent explanation! Clarity at last, always have enjoyed balance between the two, this better deeps into inner workings.

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Woah! This is very informative. Thanks to you, I now understand how payouts work. 😊

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Great read but should I keep what little hbd I have or convert it?

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When HBD price is below $1, it can be a good opportunity to convert them, but it's not without risk.

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I thought about these questions ...

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This is very handy.
I was having a kind of troubled mind when I saw that my post payout was more of hive than HBD.
Thanks for sharing this article

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These kind of posts are very needed! I do not understand a lot of the mechanics here, and i'm quite sure; i'm not the only one. Thanks for it!

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Very interesting. Didn't understand that. But I think getting Hive Power and Hive is also a good thing.

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(Edited)

Wow this is amazing do you have any other posts like this on other hive subjects because I would read all of them!! So good!! I learned a ton about a subject I still had some questions about even after 3.5yrs.

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Thank you @jarvie.
I published another "educational" post which also seems to have been greatly appreciated. It's about trust in the account recovery process
Maybe I should refresh the one I made a long time ago about reputation.

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Do you have one about Hive Reward Pool and Voting system?
That's something plenty of people have questions about... lots of people try to explain it all the time of course but something written in this style would be really interesting.

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I will add your suggestion to my todo-list.
Please be patient for it to come out, I'm busy preparing SF6 right now 😅

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Fascinating! Thank you for sharing this. Truly informative and I think I understand. Just one clarification if you don't mind: does this mean that if I have my posts set to earn at 50 % HIVE/50% HBD and HBD in no longer being issued, that I am automatically compensated with HIVE instead? or do I have to change the reward ratio on my posts? I think your post is saying the former but just want to be sure ;-)

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Hmmmmmm,am like is this real? come to think of that which HBD is no more rewards to pay,so what can I do to my little on i have on the hive Blockchain,how can get it move as no more reward ?


Posted via proofofbrain.io

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It isn't "no more rewards". It is "your rewards is no more HBD + HP only but a mix of *HIVE (increasing) + HBD (decreasing) + HP"

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Wow! I had no idea but the system makes sense the way you laid it out. Thank you for the informative post, I reblogged it in hopes of spreading the info and help grow the knowledge of the community.

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Thanks for explaining more about HBD :) I do like the idea of being able to use it as a way to maximize my Hive. Can you please create an article about when it's best to convert HBD to Hive, and vice versa?

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I added your request to my todo list but I'm not sure when I can do it. I'm quite busy with a few projects ATM

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Thanks so much 💓Please don't rush, I didn't want to add to your list. But when you can do it, please tag me :) ?

!PIZZA and !ALIVE

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Few days, but interesting to see it, gonna search for an update.

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@arcange Thank you so much for this great explanation. Now I feel like I do understand the basic concepts. I've been slowly building my HBD savings account every time I receive it as and I'm planning on converting some extra USD into HDB and putting it in the savings account. 10% interest is a great return.

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Thank you for that post!
I never knew there is something like a debt ratio on HIVE.

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I just joined hive some days ago but will like to buy more HP

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Thank you for your informative post. 😎👍

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Even though I just finding this while on a search to get to understand the hbd better, I really appreciate the effort put into this. I think I now understand the haircut rule now. Thanks.

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You're welcome @jaydr. I'm glad you found this information helpful and that it has helped you to better understand how our ecosystem works.

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